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(二) 时态语态
我们要掌握的时态有12种，它们是:一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，将来进行时，一般过去时，过去进行时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成时，过去完成进行时，过去将来时，将来完成时；语态有二种:主动语态和被动语态。
1 语法辨析
Incorrect: The teacher said the earth was round like a ball.
Correct: The teacher said the earth is round like a ball.
* 在讲述真理事实时，都要用一般现在时，其二是在讲述习惯日常活动时，要用一般现在时。
Incorrect: I will cook the food for him while you will be away.
Correct: I will cook the food for him while you are away.
* 在状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。
Incorrect: I don't know whether it rains tomorrow or not.
Correct: I don't know whether it will rain tomorrow ornot.
* 在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来。
Incorrect: What did you do at eight last night?
Correct: What were you doing at eight last night?
* 在表述过去某时某个动作在进行之中要用过去进行时。
Incorrect: Yesterday I met an old friend. We haven't seen each other for a long time.
Correct: Yesterday I met an old friend. We hadn't seeneach other for a long time.
* 过去完成时用于描述过去某时或某一事件以前的事情。这句话如没有YesterdayI met an old friend. 这句话，则要用现在完成时。
Incorrect: I am accepting your advice.
Correct: I accept your advice.
* 瞬间动词即截止性动词无进行时态。常见不宜用进行时态的动词有：
表示思维状态的词:believe, doubt, feel, forget, imagine， know, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, understand, want。
表示感情的词:appreciate, care, dislike, envy, fear, hate， love， mind。
表示所属状态:belong, own。
感观动词: feel, hear, see, smell, taste。
Incorrect: When have you finished your homework?
Correct: When did you finish your homework?
* 用when提问的句子不可用现在完成时。
Incorrect: How nice to see you again.
Have you gone to America?
Correct: How nice to see you again.Have you been to
America?
* have gone是到某地去了或在去某处的途中，have been 是去过某地。
Incorrect: I have bought this dictionary for two years.
Correct: I have had this dictionary for two years.
* 截止性动词，有完成时态，但不可以和表示一段长度的时间状语配合使用，如：die， begin, start， buy， join， arrive， borrow。
Incorrect: Have you known she passed the exam?
Correct: Do you know she passed the exam?
* 有些动词不能用于完成时态，如：know, understand, think(认为)， believe,wonder。 但如另作他意时则可用完成时，如：I have known him for two years. (known为认识)
Incorrect: [ZK(]This is the second time you came late to school.
Correct: [ZK(]This is the second time you have come late to
school.
* 下面这些句子结构中的that从句中都要用完成时态，因为都是叙述到目前为止所经历过的事。
This is the only party that…
This is the most interesting film that…
This is the first time that…
Incorrect: We learned the Second World War had broken outin
1939.
Correct: [ZK(]We learned the Second World War broke out in
1939.
* 历史事件不能用过去完成时，总要用过去时表达。
Incorrect: I told him that I don't know what to do.
Correct: I told him that I didn't know what to do.
* 主句谓语动词是过去时，则从句中的谓语动词不可用现在时，除非在叙述真理或不变事实时。
Incorrect: When I read some books the telephone rings.
Correct: When I am reading some books the telephone rings
* 当在一个动作进行的过程中另一动作突然发生，这个突然发生的动作用一般时，而那个正在进行的动作用进行时，如:When I was walking along the street yesterday,I met an old friend.
Incorrect: The book was given a boy as a gift.
Correct: The book was given to a boy as a gift.
Correct: The boy was given the book as a gift.
Correct: Someone gave a book to the boy as a gift.
Correct: Someone gave the boy a book as a gift.
* 要注意双宾语动词在转换为被动语态时有两种情况:可将直接宾语作主语，这时要在间接宾语前加to；其二是间接宾语作主语。
Incorrect: He was seen come into the book store.
Correct: He was seen to come into the book store.
* 在主动态为动词加宾语加不带to的不定式时，当该句转换为被动态时省略的to要还原。
Incorrect: How nice the pen is? Is it written well?
Correct: How nice the pen is? Does it write well?
* 当在表达一个物体或事件的性质时，不可用被动态。这句应译为这支钢笔好使吗?其他动词如:
sell well (畅销), wash easily (好洗), drive easily (好驾驶), cut easily (刀子快), cook slowly (慢慢煮)。
Incorrect: The room needs to clean at once.
Correct: The room needs to be cleaned at once.
Correct: The room needs cleaning at once.
* need其后用动名词的主动语态表示被动，但用不定式时则要用被动语态。
Incorrect: I went to make a new suit, so I was measured for it.
Correct: I went to make a new suit, so the tailor measured me for
it.
* [ZK(]并非所有动词都有被动语态，如： have, fit, lock, measure, cost, weigh, belong, happen, break out。
Incorrect: He told me he could go home now.
Correct: He told me he could go home at once.
* 在间接引语中不要用直接引语中的时间词，要作相应的改变,如:
now then/at once/straight away
today that day
tomorrow the next day/the following day
last night/week/year-the previous night/week/year
2 例题解析
［例1］Obviously, he a bad cold. Hesneezes so often.
A. has B. is having C. will have D. had had
［答案］A． 因在陈述一个事实，普遍真理，习惯性动作时要用一般时，其相应的时间状语有:always, often, usually, sometimes, ever, every day, now and then,
from time to time。
［例2］While I my breakfast this morning the post
came.
A. had had B. had been having C. was having D. have had
［答案］C． 因吃早饭这一动作一直在进行中，而邮件的到来是在这个长动作中的一瞬间发生的。
［例3］Some new oil fields since 1976.
A. were opened up B. has opened up
C. have been opened up D. had been opened up
［答案］C． 这是完成时的被动语态。与完成时连用的词有: for, since, up to now, so far, already, before, for the last few weeks。
［例4］Last week John his leg.
A. felt and broken B. fell and broke
C. fells and breaks D. fallen and broken
［答案］B． 过去时表示发生在过去的某一动作或过去习惯性动作，与之连用的时间词语有 yesterday, last night, just now, a few days ago …
［例5］Since the street was wet, last night.
A. it must be raining B. There must have rain
C. it must have rained D. There might have been rain.
［答案］C． must have+过去分词是对过去事件的推测，如对现在的推测则要用must+动词原型。如:He must be in his office. 而否定的推测用can't。
［例6］I this coat for very long. It still looks quite new.
A. wasn't having B. haven't had
C. hadn't D. haven't been having
［答案］B． 因一般过去时是表示该动作与现在无关，而现在完成时是表示该动作持续或影响到现在。
［例7］"Is John going away?""I think so, He
for a better job, but he didn't get it."
A. had hoped B. was hoped C. hoping D. had hoping
［答案］A． 用过去完成时的先决条件是找到过去的时间点或某一动作，而后用过去完成时的这一动作应在该点或该动作之前结束。本句中有but he didn't getit, 所以had hoped是在此之前发生并已结束。
［例8］It for a week and the streetswere
flooded.
A. has rained B. was rained
C. should have rained D. had been raining
［答案］D． 因为过去完成进行时表示某一动作发生在过去某一时间前并持续到该时间。
［例9］My teacher to help us.
She'll be here soon.
A. comes B. came C. is coming D. have come
［答案］C． 英语中有些动词可以用现在进行时表示将来，它们有go, come, leave, start, arrive, spend, sail…
［例10］He just arrived, but I didn't know he until
yesterday.
A. will come B. was coming
C. had been coming D. comes
［答案］B． 可用过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。
［例11］Nothing interesting ever tome
A. was happened B. is happened C. happens D. shows
［答案］C． 英语中有一些动词是没有被动语态的，它们有： appear, arrive, belong, break out, happen, last, remain, take place, occur等。
［例12］Coal can to produce electricity for
industry.
A. have used B. be used C. use D. used
［答案］B． used to do something是过去习惯于做某事；但beused todo something 是被动语态，被用来做某事；而be used to doing something 是过去的习惯持续到现在。
［例13］In the park, the pretty girl .
A. stared at B. was stared at
C. was started D. stared
［答案］B． 在有介词的动词短语变为被动态之后，其介词不要忽略。
［例14］When the fire broke out, .
A. the house became emptying B. the house had empties
C. the house had emptied D. the house was made empty
［答案］D． 这里empty是用作形容词作主语补足语。
［例15］Betty got married last week but that she would get married so young.
A. I never dream B. I never have dreamed
C. I don't dream D. I never dreamed
［答案］D． 在并列句中也要注意时态上的一致。
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