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1 语法辨析
Incorrect: We got up in sunrise so as to get home early.
Correct: We got up at sunrise so as to get home early.
at用于时、分、等具体某一时刻前，或者一天某一时刻的时间词前，
如:sunrise, midday， sunset, midnight或this hour, this time, the close of the
day （日暮时分）。
Incorrect: Don't dream at daytime!
Correct: Don't dream in daytime!
daytime为白日，所以是长时间段的词要用in,如:在一天里的某一段时间morning afternoon及星期week,月month,年year,季节spring， summer,世纪century。
Incorrect: He became a famous singer at his early twenties.
Correct: He became a famous singer in his early twenties.
in his twenties 在他20多岁时。
Incorrect: I went to see my old friend in a hot afternoon.
Correct: I went to see my old friend on a hot afternoon.
当morning, afternoon， evening的前面或后面加有修饰词或限定短语时，其前面的介词都应换为on，如:on Monday morning， on Monday evening。
Incorrect: He left home to work in sixteen years old.
Correct: He left home to work at sixteen.
在年龄前面的介词要用at，如at an early age, at what age…
Incorrect: He left home and went to the city to find a job in a windy wet day.
Correct: He left home and went to the city tofind a job on a windy wet day.
在某日、某天前用on，而月、年前用in，如:in July， in the year of 1980。
Incorrect: They will get married at New Year's Day.
Correct: They will get married on New Year'sDay.
Incorrect: I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.
Correct: I'm looking forward to seeing you at Christmas.
在节日的当天用on，如 on Christmas Day。 而在全部节日期间，则要用at，如果节日是由week等词组成的，则要用in，如in Easter week。
Incorrect: At entering the room， I found they are waiting for me.
Correct: On entering the room I found they were waiting for me.
用on加动名词或名词时表达:"一……就如何"这一概念。如:on arrival, on hearing this…
Incorrect: In the beginning of the dictionary there is usually a table of contents.
Correct: At the beginning of the dictionary there is usually a table of contents.
at the beginning, at the end指的是开始或末尾部分，均不指时间，而inthe beginning 是指开始的一段时间内，而in the end则是最终之意。
Incorrect: In early time we couldn't do it well by hand.
Correct: In early times we couldn't do it well by hand.
time指时间、年纪时前面用at，指时代时要用复数，前面的介词用in， 如：atthat time, in recent times。
Incorrect: There were some people in China at the StoneAge.
Correct: There were some people in China in the Stone Age.
age表示年龄时前面用at，而表示时代时前面要用in。
Incorrect: At the end of next month, we will have finished this work.
Correct: By the end of next month, we will have finished this work.
by用于不迟于某个时间，而before则是表达某时间之前，二者多用于完成时态。
Incorrect: The class will begin until 8∶00.
Correct: The class won't begin until 8∶00.
until与till没有什么实质的区别，但在句首时多用until，但要注意的要点是:
（1） until 和till 都应和延续性动词连用，如:
I studied hard until twelve o'clock last night.
（2） 如果是截止性即瞬间动词则要用其否定形式，因瞬间动词的否定形式则是延续性的，如:
The class won't begin until 8∶00.
（3） 当Not until位于句首时，应采用倒装语序，如:
Not until midnight yesterday did he come home.
Incorrect: After liberation a lot of great changes havetaken place in
China.
Correct: Since liberation a lot of great changes have taken place in
China.
since经常与完成时连用，其意为自从某时起一直到现在。而其他时态则要用from， 如：I'll be at school from 8:00 in the
morning.
Incorrect: During a year I learned ten English songs.
Correct: During the last year I learned ten English songs.
for与during其后都可以接表示一段长度的时间的名词。但during则重于表达已知的一段时间，所以其后面的名词前一般要有定冠词、所有格或具体的特定名词，但不应用不定冠词。如:during the Second World War,而for则重于表达时间的多少，长短。
Incorrect: Last year my brother went to America during July, but this year he will go to America during
September.
Correct: Last year my brother went to Americain July, but this year he will go to America in September.
在句中用于不同时间的对比时应用in为佳。
Incorrect: I'll be back after two days.
Correct: I'll be back in two days.
这一习惯用法因与中文里的表达法不同，所以要注意的是中文讲三天后来取，来做某事要用in，而after只用于过去时，不宜用于将来时，如:He was sent to hospital after three days he died.
Incorrect: Three days after he left home for London.
Correct: Three days later he left home for London.
Correct: After three days he left home for London.
after与later的用法不同。应是时间加later, 而after加时间。
Incorrect: There is a beautiful bird on the tree.
Correct: There is a beautiful bird in the tree.
如果是树上长出的果实则要用on,其他外来物一律用in。
表示地点的介词主要有at, in, on， at则侧重于表达某一点上。如:There is alibrary at the end of the street.而指某一平面上多用on，当排列成行时则要用in, 如:Who is in the third road?
Incorrect: Is there any good news on today's newspaper?
Correct: Is there any good news in today's newspaper?
在报上则要用in, 如同讲在书中一样，这可能是欧洲报纸很厚的原因吧!但要指某一页上则要用on。
Incorrect: We'll have our picnic lunch on the shade of the tree.
Correct: We'll have our picnic lunch in the shade of the tree.
在有限的立体空间或范围内多用in； 如：国家森林、城市、村庄等。如:
in a car park, in town, in the country, in the village, in a valley, in
the river, in the Pacific Ocean, in the middle of…
Incorrect: When I came to Tom's home, they were at the table.
Correct: When I came to Tom's home, they wereat table.
at直接加某种活动地方或场所表示正在从事这种活动。如:
at table 吃饭at desk 学习
at work 工作at Church 做礼拜
但要注意下面句子的不同意思。
He is in Beijing. （他在北京）
He is at Beijing. （他在北京中学念书）
Incorrect: There is a post office in the corner of the street.
Correct: There is a post office at the cornerof the street.
corner前面有三个介词in, on, at,内角用in,外角用at或用on，而拐角附近用around the corner。
Incorrect: He is ill in the bed.
Correct: He is ill in bed.
英语中介词加某一活动场所或地点则表示该场所的活动，如在名词前加上冠词则表示去该场所做别的事情如:
at school 上学at the school 在学校办事in bed 卧病在床
in hospital 住院in the bed 临时休息一下in the hospital 在医院工作
Incorrect: She is unhappy today. We'd better keep her ina distance.
Correct: She is unhappy today. We'd better keep her at a distance.
keep somebody at a distance 即为和某人保持一定距离避免过分亲近。即at a distance是拉开些距离，不要太近，而in the distance是在远处，远方。如:
Look at the photo at a distance!
(站远点看这照片!)
Incorrect: In my way home, I bought some flowers.
Correct: On my way home, I bought some flowers.
on one's way在去某地的路上，而in one's way为挡道，碍事。如:
I hope I'm not in your way.（我希望不要妨碍你。）
Incorrect: In autumn, the leaves fell onto the ground.
Correct: In autumn, the leaves fell on the ground.
on是个静态介词，而onto则是个动态介词即从某地到某处。但在现代标准英语中onto只用于人或动物的动作，而其他非生命的行动还是用on来取代onto为好。
Incorrect: When I got home, I found someone broke into.
Correct: When I got home, I found someone broke in.
Correct: When I got home, I found someone broke into the house.
in同样是静态介词，而into则是动态的介词，表示从某处进入某地，所以into后面一定要加宾语，也有的语法书认为broke in短语中的in 是副词。这无关紧要。
Incorrect: I found the old man got out the car and wenthome.
Correct: I found the old man got out of the car and went home.
get in, get out 语法书中认为in 和 out这里是副词，所以其后不能接宾语，可以讲We'd better get in, We'd better get out. 但要指明从某处进入或由某处出去时则要在其后加of再加宾语。
Incorrect: Mary put the sweater on out.
Correct: Mary put the sweater on inside out.
inside out 是指里面的翻到了外面，即穿反了。这是一个习惯用语不能随便改变。
Incorrect: It is hot today. The temperature is thirty-five degrees over
zero.
Correct: It is hot today. The temperature isthirty-five degrees above
zero.
over与above在作比什么高即higher than解释时，可以通用。但在垂直线上某一点时要用above。表示上面覆盖时用over，这时则不能互换。
Incorrect: There is an old stone bridge above the river.
Correct: There is an old stone bridge over the river.
在表示跨越、飞越时要用over不要用above。
Incorrect: There is a small village over the bridge.
Correct: There is a small village above the bridge.
above the bridge为在桥的上游。
below the bridge为在桥的下游。
Incorrect: He is above me in the English department.
Correct: He is over me in the English department.
above与over都可以表示班级地位的高低，但作直接管理即中文的"顶头上司"讲时只能用over，其反义词为under。
Incorrect: The Dead Sea is under the sea level.
Correct: The Dead Sea is below the sea level.
在垂直线上某一点的正下方用below。
所以above 与below互为反义词。over与under互为反义词。
Incorrect: It is under you to say so.
Correct: It is beneath you to say so.
这句话应译为你这样讲有失身份。beneath也作在……之下讲但多用于抽象文学用语。
Incorrect: We should let the children get into the bus in front of the
others.
Correct: We should let the children get intothe bus before the others.
before与in front of 虽在中文字典上有相同解释，但其具体的含义则不同。现代英语中在表达地理位置时都用in front of而很少用before，但在表示顺序前后时一定要用before，这时其反义词为after而不要用behind。
Incorrect: The little girl was respectful in front of the elders.
Correct: The little girl was respectful before the elders.
在长者、法官、其他权威人士面前要用before。
Incorrect: This student was brave enough in front of thedifficult.
Correct: This student was brave enough beforethe difficulty.
在抽象名词前用before。
Incorrect: There is a driver in front of the bus.
Correct: There is a driver in the front of the bus.
in front of 是在某物体外部的前面，而in the front of是在某物体内部的前面
Incorrect: We could not see the moon, for the cloud camein among.
Correct: We could not see the moon, for the cloud came in between.
in between是习惯用法即在中间，不可换用它词。
between多用于两者之间，而among则多用于三者或三者以上人或物之间。如:
Between you and me, I think you knows very little about it.
The three boys discussed the matter among themselves.
Incorrect: Can you climb across the wall?
Correct: Can you climb over the wall?
across, over在某些场合下是可以互换的。如：He ran over （across） the street.但如果指翻越某一障碍物时，则只能用over,如果是在一平面内从一边到另一边，或越过某一地区则要用across。如：
Incorrect: The little girl ran over the room to meet her mother.
Correct: The little girl ran across the roomto meet her mother.
Incorrect: The narrow path winds its way across the woods.
Correct: The narrow path winds its way through the woods.
在平面二维空间的横越要用across,而在立体的三维空间则要用through。
Incorrect: Japan is on the east of China.
Correct: Japan is to the east of China.
在表达地理位置上的方位时有三个介词:in在某地区之内，on与某地区接壤，to与某地区不接壤，如:
Shanghai is in the east of China.
North Korea is on the east of China.
Incorrect: Some birds fly toward south in autumn.
Correct: Some birds fly toward the south in autumn.
Correct: Some birds fly towards the south inautumn.
在表示朝某一方向运动时多用toward（s）也可用to。但要注意表示方向的词如east， west, north， south， right…如在其前不用介词也不能用冠词，因这时应把它们看作副词。如用介词则应加冠词，因这时它们应作名词用。
Incorrect: She has beautiful dark long hair hung aroundher neck.
Correct: She has beautiful dark long hair hung about her neck.
在表示围绕之意时，如果是有空缺的围绕不是绕满整整一周的则要用about,否则用around。如： She wears a string of pearls around her neck.
Incorrect: If you go about the corner you'll see the park.
Correct: If you go around （round）the corneryou'll see the park.
当作为转弯时则要用round或around。
在作为某物体附近讲时则三个词都可互换。
I dropped the key somewhere around （round, about） here.
Incorrect: My father is from smoking recently.
Correct: My father is off smoking recently.
当作从某物脱离落下之意讲时，多用off，而且可用于作抽象的摆脱……
Incorrect: I bought the book ten dollars from the price.
Correct: I bought the book ten dollars off the price.
从价格中减去用off,在数学算式中的减去用from。如:Ten from five leavesfive.
Incorrect: Have you no clothes except those?
Correct: Have you no clothes besides those?
besides是将其宾语包含在内，而except和but则是将其宾语去掉。如:I comehere every day except Sunday.
Incorrect: Your homework is good except one or two spelling mistakes.
Correct: Your homework is good except for oneor two spelling mistakes.
except直接加宾语，这个宾语和前面的名词应是属于同一类的名词，如果是不同类的则要用except for。
Incorrect: Can I write the exam paper with ink?
Correct: Can I write the exam paper in ink?
Incorrect: Can I write the letter in a pen?
Correct: Can I write the letter with a pen?
当所用的工具是拿得起来放得下的具体工具时要用with。但语音、声音，墨水及画、雕刻、铸造所用原料都要用in。
Incorrect: Do you come here by his car?
Correct: Do you come here in his car?
Correct: Do you come here by car?
交通工具前应直接加by表示利用某种手段，而在交通工具前有冠词或其他修饰语之后则应换用相应的介词。
Incorrect: A lot of French wines are made of grape.
Correct: A lot of French wines are made fromgrape.
在由原料到成品的过程中，原料的质地发生了变化则要用from,如不改变则用of。 如:This table is made of wood.
Incorrect: Do you know the girl on our school uniform?
Correct: Do you know the girl in our school uniform?
在表示穿戴时要用in, 也可以用with…on。 如:He went out without his haton.但要表示随身携带时则要用with。如:The teacher came in with a book in his hand.
Incorrect: The child in a bad cold should be taken goodcare of.
Correct: The child with a bad cold should betaken good care of.
在具有特征，或有疾病时应用with。
Incorrect: I bought this watch at one hundred Yuan.
Correct: I bought this watch for one hundredYuan.
在价格前用at。如:at the price of one hundred Yuan, at a low price, ata high price,但作为总付的钱数时用for。
Incorrect: This is a good book in modern physics.
Correct: This is a good book on modern physics.
此句应译为这是一本现代物理的好书。on 是指专业性、学术性较强的书籍、讲演、论文，而about则是概略泛泛所谈。如：This is a book about physics.则应译为这是一本物理科普书。
Incorrect: In the class you should pay your whole attention for what the teacher said.
Correct: In the class you should pay your whole attention to what the teacher said.
pay attention to 是固定搭配，其中to是介词，要接名词或动名词，但不能接动词原形。
Incorrect: I want to change this sweater to a red one.
Correct: I want to change this sweater for ared one.
作为交换讲用change something for something。类似的词组有:look for,search for, leave for…
Incorrect: Air pollution is a danger for the health.
Correct: Air pollution is a danger to the health.
类似的用法还有key to, answer to, entrance to…注意不要用of。
Incorrect: I have no difficulty to learn English well.
Correct: I have no difficulty （in）
learningEnglish well.
类似的用法还有trouble， success其后加（in）加动名词。
Incorrect: Smoking has such a bad effect to your health.
Correct: Smoking has such a bad effect on your health.
Incorrect: Teacher, I'm sorry to be late again.
Correct: Teacher, I'm sorry for being late again.
excuse…for, sorry for 为固定搭配。
Incorrect: I am a graduate in Beijing University.
Correct: I am a graduate of Beijing University.
我是某校的学生要用of,我是某系的学生要用in。 如:I am a graduate in physics.
Incorrect: A lot of Chinese have interest to collectingstamps.
Correct: A lot of Chinese have interest in collecting stamps.
对某事感兴趣是have interest in …,无兴趣是 have no interest in…。
Incorrect: Children should show respect to their parents.
Correct: Children should show respect for their parents.
这样的用法还有answer for, responsibility for, room for, wish for。
如:Best wishes for your luck.
Incorrect: Our teacher is accustomed to work hard.
Correct: Our teacher is accustomed to working hard.
to是介词，它和be used to 加动名词的用法一样即为习惯于某事。
Incorrect: My parents were angry to me.
Correct: My parents were angry with me.
angry with其后接人，而angry at 其后接事，如：He is angry at what shesaid.
Incorrect: I'm bad for swimming.
Correct: I'm bad at swimming.
be good/bad加at为对某事擅长/不擅长，而be good/bad 加for是对某事某人有利/不利。
Incorrect: I only met her once, so her voice is not familiar for me
Correct: I only met her once, so her voice isnot familiar to me.
当句子的主语为人时，要用familiar with，如句子的主语不为人而为物时则用familiar to。如:I'm familiar with her voice.
Incorrect: Girl as she is, she is famous for painter.
Correct: Girl as she is, she is famous for painting.
Correct: Girl as she is, She is famous as a painter.
famous for其后接动作而famous as 其后接职业。
Incorrect: He is free to his girl friend.
Correct: He is free with his girl friend.
be free of 是免除，如free of duty 免税或与……脱离。如：He is free ofhis girl friend. 即二人分手了。而free with为随随便便，不认真。
Incorrect: It was good to you to help my little boy.
Correct: It was good of you to help my little boy.
It is good of somebody. 是某人心地善良,而good to是对什么要好心。如:Begood to little animals. 而good for 是对事人或某事有好处，这样用法还有kind。
Incorrect: Our teacher is very patient to us, even we have some mistakes.
Correct: Our teacher is very patient with us,even we have some mistakes.
Incorrect: My parents were pleased about me.
Correct: My parents weve pleased with me.
Correct: My parents were pleased about （at）my studying.
be pleased with 对某人满意，而对事满意则常用be pleased about或at。
Incorrect: You should be ashamed for what you did.
Correct: You should be ashamed of what you did.
Correct: You should be ashamed for you.
be ashamed for加人称，而of加事物。
Incorrect: He agreed on this plan.
Correct: We agreed on this plan.
agree on 是双方对某事达成共识，所以其主语一定是复数名词或复数代名词。而agree to其后接建议、提议、计划。而agree with其后接人，或接由what引出的从句。如:I agree with you I agree with what you said.
Incorrect: You should answer to your faults.
Correct: You should answer for your faults.
answer for是对某事负责，如讲对某人的某事负责要讲answer to somebodyforsomething。如:Parents should answer to the children for their safety.
Incorrect: I'm free this weekend, you can call at me.
Correct: I'm free this weekend, you can callon me.
Correct: I'm free this weekend, you can callat my house.
call at 其后接地点，call on 其后接人，其意均为拜访。而call for 为要什么或接某人去某处。如: I'll call for you at five.我五点来接你。而call to 其后接人，意为对某人喊叫。
Incorrect: I come to an old friend on my way home yesterday.
Correct: I came across an old friend on my way home yesterday.
come across 为无意中相遇。
Incorrect: I want to compare my camera to yours.
Correct: I want to compare my camera with yours.
Incorrect: We often compare the children with some flowers.
Correct: We often compare the children to some flowers.
compare with是将两物体相比，而compare to是将某一人或物比作另一人或物。
Incorrect: The girls dance with the beautiful music.
Correct: The girls dance to the beautiful music.
随着音乐起舞要用介词to。
Incorrect: This supermarket deals with furniture.
Correct: This supermarket deals in furniture.
deal in 接货物名称即作××的买卖生意，deal with其后接人或某公司表示有商业往来。而deal with还有一意思为与某人相处，如:She is easy to deal with. 与她相处十分容易。或为如何处理某事。That's a book dealing with modern physics.
Incorrect: We often drop in my old teacher.
Correct: We often drop in on my old teacher.
这是两个介词词组drop in on为拜访某人。而 drop in 其后不要再加名词，如： If you are free, drop in.
Incorrect: What does this sign stand to?
Correct: What does this sign stand for?
stand for是代表之意。
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