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1 语法辨析
Incorrect: The young and the old like baseball very muchin America.
Correct: Young and old like baseball very muchin America.
定冠词加形容词后可以作为名词泛指一类人，作主语时其谓语动词用复数。但当由连词and连接两个相对的形容词时，则the都要省略。
Incorrect: The beautiful are not always kind.
Correct: The beautiful is not always kind.
当定冠词加上形容词用来表示一个抽象名词表示一事物时，要作单数名词看待，如：
the beautiful=美
the good=善
the true=真
the right=是
the false=伪
the wrong=非
本句应译为美丽并不意味善良。
而the加形容词+of+名词,则表示其中一部分,如：
the white of an eye 白眼球
the yellow of the egg 蛋黄
the middle of the road 路中央
Incorrect: The English is coming to visit us.
Correct: The Englishman is coming to visit us.
The如果加上表示国籍的形容词(一般以ch， ese, sh结尾),则表示该国全体人民，所以要用复数谓语动词，如：
The French think they have a long history.
Incorrect: We have two Japaneses in our office.
Correct: We have two Japanese in our office
以ese结尾的词用来表示某国人时是单复数同形。
Incorrect: A dog's young is her puppies.
Correct: A dog's young are her puppies.(狗的幼犬)
所有格加形容词应为复数名词。
Incorrect: The danger has gone, so the worst are over.
Correct: The danger has gone, so the worst isover.
定冠词加最高级应为单数名词。
Incorrect: He tried his best to pass the exam but vain.
Correct: He tried his best to pass the exam but in vain.
介词加形容词的用法有：
at first 起初
at last 最后
at most 最多
at least 至少
before long 不久
in brief 简明扼要
in common 共同的
in general 通常
in short 简而言之
in vain 徒劳的
in full 全称
long before 很久前
of late 近来
Incorrect: This editor is a chief.
Correct: This man is a chief editor.
有些形容词只能作定语用于名词前，如：形容词chief， live， main。
Incorrect: It is the gold age of the young.
Correct: It is the golden age of the young.
golden 在现代英语中多用于作比喻，如： golden hair, golden wedding，而gold 作定语时为金质的，如a gold bar, a gold coin. 但金鱼例外gold fish。
Incorrect: She has a golden throat.
Correct: She has a golden voice.
形容唱歌声音好中文应为金嗓子，而译为英语则应为金嗓音。
Incorrect: She is a warm heart woman.
Correct: She is a warm hearted woman.
英文的形容词构成法中有形容词加名词加ed，中间用连字符连接起来作形容词这一规则，如：
warm－hearted (热心肠的)
government－owned (归政府所有的)
longest－winded (冗长乏味的)
white－haired (白毛的)
Incorrect: There is a alive fish in the pool.
Correct: There is a living fish in the pool.
Correct: The fish is alive.
在英文中有些形容词以a字母起头，这些词一般不能作定语只能作表语，如：
alive， alike, alone, asleep, afraid， awake, aware。
Incorrect: This old man is very alive.
Correct: This old man is much alive.
不能用very来作修饰词，只能用much来作修饰词。
Incorrect: There is still lit lamp in the classroom.
Correct: There is still lighted lamp in the classroom.
light有两个过去分词lit, lighted，用作动词时两者皆对，但用作定语时只能用lighted (点燃的)。 这样的词还有 drunk 与drunken，如：He was drunk. 或讲He was adrunk man.
Incorrect: The ill man nearly died.
Correct: The sick man nearly died.
ill一般不作定语来指某人有病，而要用sick,但作表语时二者都是对的，
如，He was ill/sick.而ill作定语时其意为坏的、恶意的、有害、邪恶的，
如：
ill luck(厄运), ill nature (天性恶劣), ill temper (心绪不好)。
Incorrect: I have important something to tell you.
Correct: I have something important to tell you.
在修饰不定代词如something, anyone, somebody…及指示代词those时，形容词要放在其后边。
如： Among those invited are my old friends.
Incorrect: Please tell the children to be careful in crossing a full of cars street.
Correct: Please tell the children to be careful in crossing a street full of cars.
当形容词后有其他修饰语时，或由某些短语、句子作形容词用时，其位置均应在名词的后边。
如:She is the singer famous for singing.
但是如果用过去分词作形容词用时，可以放在其修饰词之后或之前。
如：There's a broken cup on the ground. 或 I found a cup on the ground broken.
某些带有不定式或介词的形容词短语中的形容词可以放在被修饰名词的前或后。
如：a queston difficult to solve
a difficult question to solve
Incorrect: I'll be free Saturday next.
Correct: I'll be free on Saturday next.
Correct: I'll be free next Saturday.
要注意next, last， following 在作修饰词时的用法：
last Sunday-on Sunday last
the following day-on the day following
Incorrect: There is a hole four－feet－deep.
Correct: There is a four－foot－deep hole.
Correct: There is a hole four feet deep.
由连字符号连接若干词所组成的形容词只能作定语放在所修饰名词之前，不能放在其后作后置定语，也不能置于系动词之后作表语。
要注意不同的表示法，如：
three meters square (3米见方即每边长3米的正方形)
three square meters (3平方米的面积)
Incorrect: The here fresh water is very good.
Correct: The fresh water here is very good.
当here， there用来修饰名词时一定要置于名词之后。
Incorrect: The flowers looked bright, beautiful.
Correct: The flowers looked bright and beautiful.
作定语的形容词置于名词前时若干个形容词之间没有连词，如：This is an old wooden table. 但若最后两个形容词是表示颜色或材料的要用连词and，
如：The flowers are red, yellow, white and blue.
作表语的形容词最后两个之间要有and，如： The weather is hot and dry.
Incorrect: The visitors like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.
Correct: The visitors like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.
在现代英语中名词前多于三个修饰词的语句已不多见，但其顺序是有一些规则可循的：① 冠词、所有格、指示代词、数量词 ② 品质(好、坏、美、丑) ③ 大、小、长、短 ④ 新、旧 ⑤ 形状、式样 ⑥ 颜色 ⑦ 产地 ⑧ 材料 ⑨ 用途(动名词)。如：a beautiful little tidy public reading－room。
Incorrect: How many do you want? I want to use four yellow of the eggs.
Correct: How many do you want? I want to use four yellows of the eggs.
在不影响句意的情况下，形容词后的名词往往被省略，这时这些形容词被视为名词，所以它们也有复数形式，这句话意为：我要用4个蛋黄。
Incorrect: The best way to learn English good is to speakwith an Englishman every day.
Correct: The best way to learn English well is to speak with an Englishman every day.
这里well是修饰 learn 这一动词的，所以要用well副词而不能用good这个形容词。
well一词既可以作形容词又可作副词，作形容词时意思仅为身体好，如：
He is well. (他身体好)
He is good (他是个好人)
Incorrect: You seldom go to park on Sunday. Don't you.
Correct: You seldom go to the park on Sunday.Do you?
seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely四个副词在句中出现时，应将该句看作是否定句。
Incorrect: The children play on the grass merryly.
Correct: The children play on the grass merrily.
形容词变副词的规律如下表5-2。
表5－2形容词变副词规律
| 情况 |
构成 |
例词 |
|
多音节y结尾的词 |
将y改为i后加ly |
easy-easily
happy-happily
heavy-heavily |
|
单音节y结尾的词 |
直接加ly |
gay-gayly (gaily)
sly-slyly (slily) |
|
以ve结尾的词 |
去e加ly |
true-truly |
|
以le结尾的词 |
去e加y |
gentle-gently
possible-possibly |
|
其他以e结尾的词 |
一律加ly |
nice-nicely
wise-wisely
polite-politely |
|
以ll结尾的词 |
只加y |
full-fully |
|
以ic结尾的词 |
加ally |
automatic-automatically
energetic-energetically |
| 其他形容词 |
均加ly |
careful-carefully
glad-gladly |
Incorrect: I bought these books wholy.
Correct: I bought these books wholly.
以le结尾的形容词变副词时应去e加y，但有两个字例外，其一whole则去e加ly即wholly,而sole则保留e加ly即solely。
Incorrect: I shouldn't like to say so publically, but that's what I really think.
Correct: I shouldn't like to say so publicly,but that's what I really think.
以ic结尾的形容词变副词时应加ally，但有两个例外public-publicly, politic-politicly。
Incorrect: Those days I was busy preparing my lessons forthe exam. I was terrible tired.
Correct: Those days I was busy preparing my lessons for the exam. I was terribly tired.
be动词后要加形容词，但这里的形容词是tired，而terribly是修饰形容词tired的，所以要用副词形式。
Incorrect: The teacher looked angry at the student.
Correct: The teacher looked angrily at the student.
要注意有些感观动词其后要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，
如：The teacherlooked angry.老师看起来很生气。而有时要接副词，这时它是修饰动词的，如例句应译为老师生气地看着那个学生。
Incorrect: He worked with me friendly.
Correct: He was friendly to me.
不是所有ly结尾的词都是副词，
如 friendly, lovely, lonely, costly, motherly, orderly, lively, nightly,
hourly, elderly, weekly, timely, monthly, earthly, brotherly。例句还可以用下面方式表达：
He worked with me in a friendly way.
但有些词是两用词，既是副词又是形容词，
如:daily, early, hourly, monthly。
如:The mother get up early so as to catch up the early bus.
Incorrect: He faced her cold.
Correct: He faced her coldly.
coldly, coolly, hotly, warmly 他们主要是用来表示感情、情绪方面的副词，但要注意warmly是热情地，而hotly是愤怒之意。
Incorrect: He is deadly drunk.
Correct: He is dead drunk.
这句应译为他醉得很厉害。在现代英语中，dead作副词时意为完全地、彻底地。
如： I am dead right. 而deadly 则是致命的。
如 a deadly snake, deadly weapons。
Incorrect: I read the novel into the night, I was deep moved by it.
Correct: I read the novel into the night, andI was deeply moved by it.
deep可以作副词来表示某些实际动作，如 dig deep, drink deep, 而用于感情方面时则要用deeply。 如deeply moved, deeply interested in, deeply regret。
Incorrect: He studied too hard, so the teacher told him to take it easily.
Correct: He studied too hard, so the teacher told him to take it easy.
take it easy是个习惯用法即慢点、放松些，还有go easy看开点、不要太苛求，easy come来得容易, easy go去得快,但在其他场合则要用easily，
如: The little girlgave the answer easily.
Incorrect: You can speak free in front of your friends.
Correct: You can speak freely in front of yourfriends.
作副词用时free是免费地，而freely是随便不拘束地，这样的词还有：
hard -- 努力地、猛烈地 hardly--几乎不
high -- 指实际高度 highly--指程度
just -- 恰好、仅仅、不久前justly--公正地
late -- 迟lately--最新地、最近地
clean -- 完全地 cleanly--正确、干净、利落
close -- 离……近 closely--紧密、严密
most -- 最 mostly--大部分地
near -- 近 nearly--几乎
pretty -- 很(作副词用) prettily--漂亮
short -- 突然地shortly--不久前
Incorrect: They must have arrived till now.
Correct: They must have arrived by now.
by now 是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已发生，所以可以用瞬间动词。而till now则是强调某动作一直持续到现在，所以一定要用持续性动词。
Incorrect: Someone called you right now.
Correct: Someone called you just now.
just now有两个意思，其一是刚才；其二是现在。而right now只能用作现在。just则用于完成时，如：I have just finished my homework.
Incorrect: My son will be home from England at present.
Correct: My son will be home from England presently.
presently 有两个意思，其一是不久；其二在美语中是现在之意，与at present相同。但for the present 则意为暂时，如:
I lived in the school for the present.
Incorrect: I'll be back at the moment.
Correct: I'll be back in a moment.
at the moment 是现在、当时，而in a moment=in a minute意为马上、过一会儿、就。
Incorrect:He will know he was wrong on time.
Correct: He will know he was wrong in time.
in time有两个含义，其一是及时；其二是将来、终究。而on time
是准时，
如:The train will arrive here on time.
Incorrect: At a time they were in love.
Correct: At one time they were in love.
at a time 是同时、一次，如:Don't speak at a time.而at one time是过去有一段时间，一度之意。
Incorrect: Why don't we go to the park together sometimes this week?
Correct: Why don't we go to the park togethersometime this week?
sometime--过去或将来某时
sometimes--有时
some time--一些时候some times--若干次
at times--偶尔at all times--所有时候、经常
some other time--改天
some time or other--总有一天、迟早
Incorrect: I had finished this book three days ago.
Correct: I had finished this book three daysbefore.
ago所修饰的动词，应用过去时。而before则用完成时。
Incorrect: I saw him once ago.
Correct: I saw him once before.
只讲以前，而不讲若干时间以前时只能用before而不能用ago。
Incorrect: He tried many ways to learn English well, atthe end he succeeded.
Correct: He tried many ways to learn Englishwell, and in the end he succeeded.
at the end 是在结束部分、末了。而in the end是经过若干努力之后终于成功，或办成某事。这时in the end等于finally， at last, 但其语气最强。
Incorrect: This book is rather good, but that one is fairly bad.
Correct: This book is fairly good, but that one is rather bad.
rather在现代英语中既可以修饰好的一面，又可修饰不好的一面。而fairly则只宜于修饰好的一面。
Incorrect: This is fairly an easy work for me to do.
Correct: This is a fairly easy job for me to do.
Correct: This is quite an easy job for me todo.
Correct: This is rather an easy job for me todo.
rather与quite习惯用法多放于冠词之前，而fairly则应放于冠词之后形容词之前。
Incorrect: I'd hardly finished my work than the boss came in.
Correct: I'd hardly finished my work when the boss came in.
当一……就，刚刚……就讲时要注意这三个词的固定搭配:hardly … when,scarcely … when, no sooner … than。
Incorrect: I've hardly read some novels, since the beginning of this term.
Correct: I've hardly read any novels since the beginning of this term.
hardly, seldom, scarcely 等词用在句中应视为否定句，所以不要用some而要用any。
Incorrect: If you cheat him that way， you're a little better than a thief.
Correct: If you cheat him that way, you're little better than a thief.
这句话应译为如果你这样欺骗他，你比小偷好不了多少。而a little better为微好些。如： I feel a little better
today.
Incorrect: I don't have a dog, and Mary doesn't have a dog too.
Correct: I don't have a dog, and Mary doesn'thave a dog either.
也在英语中有also, as well, too, either， 但其用法不同，either用于否定句，而also, as well, too则用于肯定句，其中as well与too用于句尾。
Incorrect: We can help the sick boy in anyway.
Correct: We can help the sick boy in any way.
anyway=anyhow意为不管怎么讲，无论如何，如:What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.而any way应为任何方式。
Incorrect: You can come to see me at anytime.
Correct: You can come to see me at any time.
Correct: You can come to see me anytime.
anytime 是副词，而any time则是名词。
Incorrect: I don't want to see that film. There is nearly nothing interesting.
Correct: I don't want to see that film. Thereis almost nothing interesting.
在与否定词连用时要用almost而不要用nearly。
Incorrect: I've ever been to America.
Correct: I've never been to America.
ever 应用于疑问句或否定句中，如:
Have you ever been to America?
或条件句中，如:
If you have ever been to China, you should go to see the Great Wall.
Incorrect: Keep quiet, boys. Don't speak at once.
Correct: Keep quiet, boys. Don't speak all at once.
all at once 有两个含义，其一是突然，其二是在同一时间，而at once是马上立刻之意。
Incorrect: Stop here. Let's have a rest a while.
Correct: Stop here. Let's have a rest for a while.
Correct: Stop here. Let's have a rest awhile.
awhile是副词，而a while是名词。
Incorrect: I borrowed two thousand dollars from the bankall together.
Correct: I borrowed two thousand dollars fromthe bank altogether.
altogether是全部总计之意，而all together是共同，一起作某事，We'll go to the cinema all together.
要注意如下这些不同的拼写:
almost --几乎all most 仅是偶然在一起
already--已经all ready 每样都准备好了
always--总是all ways 所有每种方式
maybe--可能 (副词)may be 可能
Incorrect: I'm looking forwards to seeing you.
Correct: I'm looking forward to seeing you.
作副词用时forwards与forward可以通用，但作形容词时只能用forward,
如:Inthe class the children are very forward.这样的用法还有: backward（s），northward（s），homeward（s）。而词组look forward to不能作改动。
Incorrect: I went to the city especially to see my former teacher.
Correct: I went to the city specially to seemy former teacher.
specially意为专程为某目的去做某事，而especially意为特别地、格外、不寻常地。如:Kate especially seems happy today.其形容词special与especial的用法也是同样的。
Incorrect: Today is my birthday. I am happy indeed.
Correct: Today is my birthday. I'm very happyindeed.
indeed在肯定句中用来加强语气时，如形容词前没有very，则不可用indeed,但在简单答语中则可以单独使用。如:The coffee is good. Yes, it is indeed.
Incorrect: I like computer very much, so my brother does.
Correct: I like computer very much, so does my brother.
so当"也"讲时要用于句首，如果表示一种事情、状况适用于不同的两人时，则要用倒装句。但如果只是对前一句话表示赞同，则不倒装,如:The tea is very hot, so it is.
否定句则要用neither或either。
Incorrect: I was enough fool to believe what he said.
Correct: I was fool enough to believe what he said.
即便fool是名词，但它作表语时enough也要放其后。
Incorrect: There are too much mistakes in your homework.
Correct: There are too many mistakes in your homework.
too much+不可数名词，too many+可数名词复数，much too+形容词。
Incorrect: It is late enough that we can go home now.
Correct: It is late enough for us to go homenow.
enough与too后都不能加从句而要用不定式短语。
Incorrect: The twins are very alike.
Correct: The twins are much alike.
由a作首字母的形容词不能用very修饰，只能用much。
原则上very用来修饰现在分词，much用来修饰过去分词，如:very interesting, much surprised, 但实际上并非如此，如very tired, very pleased也只能为惯用法记。
Incorrect: This building is very taller than that one.
Correct: This building is much taller than that one.
very用来修饰形容词原级，而much用来修饰其比较级。
Incorrect: This dictionary is the much best for the beginners.
Correct: This dictionary is much the best forthe beginners.
Correct: This dictionary is the very best forthe beginners.
在修饰形容词或副词的最高级时very, much 都可以使用，但其所在的位置不同。如:the very +最高级，而much+the +最高级。
Incorrect: Here comes Tom and there goes she.
Correct: Here comes Tom and there she goes.
在here, there位于句首时，如主语是名词，则用倒装语序，如主语是人称代词时用陈述语句。
Incorrect: There is going to have a party tonight.
Correct: There is going to be a party tonight.
there be句型如加上助动词之后仍然要保持不变。
Incorrect: There is Tom in the classroom.
Correct: Tom is in the classroom.
在特指人物时，不可用there be 句型，如:
Incorrect: There is the book on the desk.
Correct: The book is on the desk. / There is a book on the desk.
There be句型要用在泛指的范围之内。
Incorrect: It was cold outside; therefore, we'd better stay at home.
Correct: It was cold outside; therefore, we'dbetter stay at home.
要注意连接副词的大小写与标点符号的关系。如大写第一个字母时前面一句的末尾应是句号，否则都应小写。
Incorrect: I did not go to London； on the contrary， my wife went to Paris.
Correct: I did not go to London; on the contrary, I went to Paris.
on the contrary前后的主语应是一致的。而on the other hand 则不一定。
如I went to London; on the other hand, my wife went to Paris.
Incorrect: He can teach two languages such as English and French.
Correct: He can teach two languages namely English and French.
Correct: He can teach many languages such asEnglish and French.
such as 只是表达若干事物中的一两个例子，而不能把其全部讲出来。
Incorrect: We study many subjects such as Physics, Maths, English etc.
Correct: We study many subjects such as Physics, Maths, English.
中文是要讲例如……等等，而英语的表达法二者只能用其一。用such as 则不要用etc.， 反之亦然。
Incorrect: "How long does he come?""Once a month."
Correct: "How often does he come?""Once amonth."
因有答语once a month一月一次，所以问题应是频率，所以应用how often.
Incorrect: I want to know how to do.
Correct: I want to know how to do it.
how 是疑问副词，do是及物动词，所以要求有宾语。试比较疑问代词what的用法I want to know what to do.
Incorrect: However she is clever, she always studies very hard.
Correct: However clever she is, she always studies very hard.
作主语补语的形容词要跟在 however的后面。同样，修饰动词的副词也要紧跟在however之后。请看下列:
Incorrect: However he drove fast， he always thought it was too slow.
Correct: However fast he drove， he always thought it was too slow.
Incorrect: However I wanted to pass the exam, but I couldn't do it.
Correct: However I wanted to pass the exam, Icouldn't do it.
Correct: I wanted to pass the exam, but I couldn't do it.
however与but不能同时使用。
Incorrect: I'll call up you as soon as I come back.
Correct: I'll call you up as soon as I come back.
当call up其宾语是人称代词时，必须放在动词之后。但如是名词，则两个位置都对，如:
Please turn on the light. It is dark here.
Please turn the light on. It is dark here.
Incorrect: I'm sorry. Please repeat it again.
Correct: I'm sorry. Please repeat it. 当动词本身已含有某种意思，则不要再加副词。如：
return而不要用return backfinish而不要用finish up
follow而不要用follow after
begin而不要用first begin
Incorrect: Only after we have finished our work, will wego out to play.
Correct: Only after we have finished our workwill we go out to play.
当状语从句置于句首时，一般讲应用逗号将其与主句隔开，如:When I came to school， the class had begun.但如果主句是采用了倒装语序，则不能用逗号将其分开。
Incorrect: I couldn't pass the driving test even thoughI studied hard.
Correct: I couldn't pass the driving test, even though I studied hard.
状语从句放于句尾时，如果对整个句子来讲是必须的,则不要用逗号分开，反之可以用逗号分开，但在although, though, even though, no matterwhat/how/when,since,whereas, while 所引导的状语从句前一定要用逗号分开。
Incorrect: He drove quickly the car.
Correct: He drove the car quickly.
副词尽可能地不要放在动词与宾语之间，但如果宾语太长，或是宾语从句,则可以这样做。如:He heard clearly what she had
said.
要注意的是如果宾语是不定式或动名词，副词的位置不同可能引起句子表达的意思不同,如:He secretly decided to do it alone.（他秘密决定独自做这件事）
He decided to do it secretly.（他决定秘密做这件事）
副词的位置很活，一般可以有四种位置,即（一）动词之前；（二） be动词之后；（三）助动词或第一助动词之后；（四）在单独使用的助动词或be动词之前。例如:
（1） We badly need your help.
（2） Tom is often late for school.
（3） The work will nearly have been done by five o'clock.
（4） Are you going to see the film?
(5) I certainly am.
Incorrect: You never ought to forget the homework.
Correct: You ought never to forget the homework.
used to, have to 与副词连用时，一般副词放其前面，但也有人将副词放在中间，
如: We always used to swim in the river.
We used always to swim in the river.
但ought to与副词连用时，副词都要放其中间。
Incorrect: The student always need receive some new ideas.
Correct: The student need always receive somenew ideas.
need作为助动词时，副词应放其后，而作为实意动词时副词应放其前面如:
I always need your help.
Incorrect: He does his homework hardly.
Correct: He hardly does his homework.
hardly， seldom, never, rarely, barely, ever等词一般用于句子中间，如用于句首时要采用倒装语序，如:Hardly does he do his homework. 但不可用于句尾。
Incorrect: I came late yesterday to school.
Correct: I came late to school yesterday.
Correct: Yesterday I came late
to school.
表示一定时间的副词不应放于句子中间,应放于句尾，如要表示强调,则可置于句首。
Incorrect: This work of art was done well.
Correct: This work of art was well done.
well, 与badly在作副词表示好坏时，当句子是主动态时放于句末。而句子是被动态时，则放于过去分词之前。
Incorrect: I forgot to do my homework nearly.
Correct: I nearly forgot to do my homework.
程度副词如nearly, almost, likely， quite, rather, little…必须放在句子中间。
在学习形容词、副词的比较级和最高级之前，先了解一下它的构成,见表5-3。
表5-3比较级和最高级的构成
| 条件 |
构成 |
例词 |
|
字尾是e结尾 |
加r或st |
bravebraverbravest |
| 字尾是元音字母加一个辅音字母 |
将辅音字母重写后再加er或est |
fatfatterfattest |
| 字尾是辅音字母加y |
将y变i再加er或est |
angryangrierangriest |
|
字结尾是元音字母加y的 |
直接加er或est |
gray grayergrayest |
pleasant, common, handsome, polite, quiet, cruel, stupid, tired及er,le,ow结尾的双音节词有两种构成法，既可加er,est，也可用more, most，如:
polite(politermore polite)(politestmost polite)
原为加er, est的词如加了前辍词后仍按原规则变化，如:unhappy，unhappier，unhappiest。
不规则形容词见表5-4。
表5-4不规则形容级构成
| 原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
good
well |
better |
best |
many
much |
more |
most |
| old |
older
elder |
oldest
eldest |
| far |
farther
further |
farthest
furthest |
| little |
less |
least |
| late |
later
latter |
latest
last |
bad
ill
evil |
worse |
worst |
Incorrect: He is my older brother.
Correct: He is my elder brother.
elder与eldest是指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼次序，不能作系动词之后的表语来表示岁数的大小。要表示岁数大小则要用 older, oldest。
如He is two years older than Tom.
Incorrect: The last news was very exciting.
Correct: The latest news was very exciting.
在指时间later是较迟，last则是最后的,latest意为最新的。
Incorrect: John and Tom are brothers. The former is a doctor; the later is an engineer.
Correct: John and Tom are brothers. The former is a doctor; the latter is an engineer.
latter是指两者中的后者，两部分中的后半部分，而last是指三者以上的最后一个。
Incorrect: I had a headache for last week.
Correct: I had a headache for the last week.
在表示刚刚过去的一周这一段时间时，the不能省掉，试比较:I came across an old friend last week.
Incorrect: Do you need any farther explanation.
Correct: Do you need any further explanation.
farther是指距离的更远，有时英国人也用further来表达这一意思，但作为进一步来讲则要用further为好。
Incorrect: Mary is as old as him.
Correct: Mary is as old as he.
虽然在口语中也有人讲as him，但终究他不是正确的语法。后一个 as 应看作连词。
Incorrect: You are not as half clever as your brother.
Correct: You are not half as clever as your brother.
形容词前若有数量词及nearly, almost, exactly … 来修饰时，其位置应在第一个as之前。
Incorrect: He is same age as Tom.
Correct: He is the same age as Tom.
the same …as 是固定词组定冠词the 不能省略。
Incorrect: Mother and her daughter are exactly like.
Correct: Mother and her daughter are exactlyalike.
like 作为介词"像"应用于be/look/sound…词之后，如:What you said sounded like a good idea.而like仅作表语。
Incorrect: I have less books than Mary.
Correct: I have fewer books than Mary.
less 是little的比较级，而fewer是few的比较级其后接可数名词。
Incorrect: Mary is taller of
the two girls.
Correct: Mary is the taller of the two girls.
在两者之间比较时，比较级前要加定冠词。
Incorrect: There are three pictures on the wall. The better one is on the left.
Correct: There are three pictures on the wall. The best one is on the left.
两者间要用比较级，而三者间要用最高级。
Incorrect: The more you read books the more you learn.
Correct: The more books you read, the more you learn.
在表示越来越这一表达法时，有两种情况:其一是用比较级加and 加比较级，如:The days are getting longer and longer.其二是the 加比较级……the 加比较级……。这种用法的关键是比较级所修饰的形容词、副词或名词必须紧跟其后而不能分开。
Incorrect: Playing football is not so popular as to play soccer.
Correct: Playing football is not so popular asplaying soccer.
在动名词或不定式作比较时，要采用一致的形式，前后都是动名词或都是不定式。如果都用不定式，as或than后面的to可有可无。如:To repair the old one is as muchexpensive as （to） buy a new one.
Incorrect: Mary is three senior than Tom.
Correct: Mary is three senior to Tom.
在某些属于拉丁语系的形容词比较级之后不接than而要接to。如:senior,junior,superior等。
Incorrect: Mary is cleverer than honest.
Correct: Mary is more clever than honest.
像clever 这些有两种形式比较级的词在用作不同性质的比较时，要用more+形容词原级。而不要用加er的比较级。但是用于同性质的比较时，则可互换，如:
Mary is cleverer more clever than Tom.
Incorrect: This old picture is much more better than thenew one.
Correct: This old picture is much better thanthe new one.
不可用比较级来修饰比较级。能修饰比较级的词有any, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit, even, still, yet, no, much, for, rather。
Incorrect: I have three dictionaries. This one is the most useful to the three.
Correct: I have three dictionaries. This oneis the most useful of the three.
表示最高级的范围要用of加复数或加集合名词。
Incorrect: She is one of the cleverest student I have taught.
Correct: She is one of the cleverest studentsI have taught.
one of加最高级要加复数名词，这种用法等于among+最高级+复数名词，如:
The Mississippi is among the longest rivers in the world.
The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.
Incorrect: This computer is the much best for the network.
Correct: This computer is much the best for the network.
在修饰形容词最高级时，far /by far/much要放在the 之前，而very要放在the 之后。如:This computer is the very best for the network.
Incorrect: She is taller than any other girls in her class.
Correct: She is taller than any other girl inher class.
any other 其后接单数名词。
Incorrect: Shanghai is bigger than all the cities in Asia.
Correct: Shanghai is bigger than all the cities in Africa.
Correct: Shanghai is bigger than any othercity in Asia.
Correct: Shanghai is bigger than all other cities in Asia.
在用于比较级的句子中，后者绝对不能包括与之比较的前者。原则要用 any other 将其与所比之物分开。
Incorrect: Our English teacher is the most interesting person.
Correct: Our English teacher is a most interesting person.
并不是所有最高级前都要加定冠词的。如上句中的a most应为very用来加强语气。这句话应译为"我们的英语老师是个非常风趣的人"。
Incorrect: Mary's the worst mistake is her quick temper.
Correct: Mary's worst mistake is her quick temper.
在所有格后面形容词最高级的前面不要加定冠词。
Incorrect: I have a lot of good students. I like the mostof them.
Correct: I have a lot of good students. I likemost ofthem.
most作为众多，大多数讲时不要用定冠词。
Incorrect: Mr.Lu is more interesting teacher than anyoneelse in our school.
Correct: Mr. Lu is a more interesting teacherthan anyone else in our school.
在多者中进行比较时，如比较级形容词后是单数可数名词时,其前面要加不定冠词。
Incorrect: The climate of Beijing is not as good as Kunming.
Correct: The climate of Beijing is not as good as that of Kunming.
在比较两句话时，其后面的句子中与前面句子中相同的部分可以省略，但是所比较的那一部分是不可以省略的。要用代词that代替以避免重复。
Incorrect: Yesterday I went to visit my old teacher, buthe no more lived there. He had moved.
Correct: Yesterday I went to visit my old teacher, but he no longer lived there. He had moved.
现代英语中no more 不再用来表示现在的情况如何，
而要用no longer或用not…any longer。因为no more一般应译为从此后不再可能了。如:After the accident he could walk no more.
如讲 His voice is no more.是讲此人已去世了。
Incorrect: I couldn't speak English well much more than Italian.
Correct: I couldn't speak English well, muchless than Italian.
"更不用说"这一短语的译法有两个，其much more用于肯定句，而much less用于否定句。
下面这几句话的含意也要弄准确:
This classroom is no cleaner than that one. 这两间教室都不干净。
This classroom is not cleaner than that one. 这间教室不如那间干净。
He wrote no more than three books. 他的著作仅有3本。
He wrote not more than three books. 他的著作至多3本。
副词比较级的构成见表5-5。
表5-5副词比较级的构成
| 条件 |
构成 |
例词 |
| 单音节词 |
加er或est |
soonsoonersoonest |
| 多音节词 |
加more或most |
kindlymore kindlymost kindly |
不规则副词比较级见表5-6。
表5-6不规则副词比较级
| 原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
| well |
better |
best |
ill
badly
poorly |
worse |
worst |
| much |
more |
most |
| little |
less |
least |
| far |
farther
further |
farthest
furthest |
Incorrect: Please behave less foolishly.
Correct: Please don't behave so foolishly.
虽然劣级比较用less加形容词或副词原级，但这样的结构并不多用，在日常英语中常用动词的否定句。
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