二、 冠词
1 语法辨析
Incorrect: It is a hour's walk.
Correct: It is an hour's walk.
* an用于发音以元音音素开头的单词前(而不是以元音字母开始的单词)；a用于发音以辅音音素开始的单词前。
* 这里要注意的是hour中的h不发音。这样的单词还有hour， honest, honor。
Incorrect: This is an useful dictionary.
Correct: This is a useful dictionary.
* ［ｊｕ:］的发音的首音素［ｊ］是辅音而不是元音，所以以下单词前如用不定冠词时要用a而不要用an。
useful useless used unit union
university uniform European Europe
Incorrect: I think his telephone number begins with a "2"
and ends with a "8".
Correct: I think his telephone number begins with a "2"
and ends with an "8".
* 字母、数字、缩写名词前的不定冠词以其第一个字母或单词的第一个音素发音为准，来确定是用an还是a,如：She is a good doctor,
She is an M. D.
Incorrect: I have a good news for you.
Correct: I have some good news for you.
* a与an只用于可数名词单数前，表示泛指某类中的任何一个，或某一个。
Incorrect: Rome was not built in the day.
Correct: Rome was not built in a day.
* 这里a的含意是一即同于one。
Incorrect: We are all of a age.
Correct: We are all of an age.
* 这里an的含意是the same。
Incorrect: I come to see my parents once per week.
Correct: I come to see my parents once a week.
* a这里的意思就是介词per的含义，用不定冠词在这里是习惯用法，表示每一个或某一个，如： A young man is waiting
for you. 同样，不定冠词与表示人或物的名词连用可以表达某一类人或物，如：An elephant is a useful animal.
Incorrect: I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is
very good.
Correct: I bought a dictionary yesterday The dictionary is very
good.
* 在句中或文章中首次提到的不是具体人或物的名词前用不定冠词，当再一次提到时用定冠词。
Incorrect: Please turn off lights before you leave the room.
Correct: Please turn off the lights before you leave the room.
* 虽然是首次提到的事物，但双方均知其所指时要用定冠词。
Incorrect: An earth moves around a sun.
Correct: The earth moves around the sun.
* 宇宙中独一无二的事物前要用定冠词。
Incorrect: My office is on a second floor.
Correct: My office is on the second floor.
* 在序数词、形容词最高级前要用定冠词，如： He is the tallest of us four.
Incorrect: I want to learn the second foreign language this term.
Correct: I want to learn a second foreign language this term.
* 在序数词其含意并不是顺序中的第一、第二时，其前加不定冠词a表示再一个、又一个。
Incorrect: Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.
Correct: The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.
* 在江河山脉的专有名词前加定冠词，如： the Himalaya(s).喜马拉雅山脉。
Incorrect: Times is one of the oldest newspaper in America.
Correct: The Times is one of the oldest newspaper in America.
* The Times 报刊名称前要加定冠词。
Incorrect: Yesterday when I called on him， Browns are watching
TV.
Correct: Yesterday when I called on him， the Browns were watching
TV.
* 表示某一家某一类人时要在其姓前加定冠词或在形容词前加定冠词，如：
The rich are not always happy.
Incorrect: The beautiful are always there.
Correct: The beautiful is always there.
* 定冠词加形容词表示一类人时其含义是复数，所以要用复数名词，但如表示物时则用单数谓语动词。
Incorrect: I like to eat a butter. Butter sold in that shop is
very good.
Correct: I like to eat butter. The butter sold in that shop is
very good.
* butter等物质名词前不可加不定冠词，但当特指时可以加定冠词。
Incorrect: I like bread for the breakfast.
Correct: I like bread for breakfast.
* 泛指一日三餐名词前不用冠词，但如特指某庆祝、欢迎宴会，以及形容词加餐名或餐名加形容词短语时要有冠词，如：
a great dinner.
the dinner given by our school.
Incorrect: I want to climb mountains in fall.
Correct: I want to climb mountains in the fall.
* 四季名称作主语时一般不加定冠词，如：spring, summer, autumn and winter are four seasons
of a year.
*但在介词in之后则可有可无，如： The students like to go for a picnic in (the) spring.但in
the fall是美语中的习惯用法，其定冠词不可少。
Incorrect: Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.
Correct: Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me.
* 某些名词被用作其本身原来的目的时不加冠词，如leave school (辍学), after school (放学)， at school
(在校读书)。 但当作场所、建筑物讲时则要有冠词，这样的词有：
class, school, college, university, church, hospital, bed, table, market等，如：
He was in hospital (他因病住院). He went to the hospital to see his friend.
(他去医院看望病人)
Incorrect: We arrived at Brow's home early in the morning.
Correct: We arrived at the Brow's home early in the morning.
* home 作名词"家"讲时如前后没有修饰词时无冠词，如 Sorry, she is not at home. 作副词讲时一定不要加冠词，如：I
want to go home at once. 但作名词并有修饰词时要加冠词。
Incorrect: Would you rather live in town or in the country?
Correct: Would you rather live in a town or in the country?
* town在指主语人物生活、活动的城镇或其附近的居住区时不加冠词如, He is out of town.(他不在镇上)The old
man sometimes go to town to do some shopping. 但在live in其后要加冠词。
Incorrect: I met an old friend on my way to the work this morning.
Correct: I met an old friend on my way to work this morning.
* work 与office均可指工作场所，但work前不加冠词，而office前要加冠词，如：He is at the office
now.
Incorrect: The windows of the room face to north.
Correct: The windows of the room face to the north.
* 表示方位的词如：east, west, south, north, right, left及表示时间的词：present， past,
future等在作名词时要有冠词，作副词时无冠词，如： The birds fly south in winter.
Incorrect: The North is one of the four directions
Correct: North is one of the four directions.
* 东、南、西、北名词作主语时不加冠词。
Incorrect: He paid the rent by year.
Correct: He paid the rent by the year.
* by和计量单位间要有定冠词，如：by the yard, by the hour。
Incorrect: I went to school by his car this morning.
Correct: I went to school in his car this morning.
Correct: I went to school by car this morning.
* by与交通工具或交通方式之间无冠词，如交通工具前有了冠词等修饰词，则要变换它前面相应的介词，如：
by plane by taxi by bike by water
by air by telephone by sea by letter
Incorrect: She began to learn how to play piano when she was
three.
Correct: She began to learn how to play the piano when she was
three.
* 在乐器名称前要用冠词，而在球类、游戏等名词前无冠词，如： They like to play bridge when they are
free.
Incorrect: I heard this news by the radio.
Correct: I heard this news on the radio.
Correct: I heard this news by radio.
* radio, television在泛指广播电视时，没有冠词，如： Did you see the football match on
TV? 但在固定词组to the radio， over the radio, on the radio中的冠词不能少。
Incorrect: I don't like to walk a long way by night. But I like
walking by a moonlight night.
Correct: I don't like to walk a long way by night. But I like
walking on a moonlight night.
* 在词组by day, by night, at night中都没有冠词，但如在名词前加形容词后则多要改变其前面的介词。
Incorrect: Oh, the meeting has begun. Please, make a room for
me.
Correct: Oh, the meeting has begun. Please make room for me.
* room指房屋讲时是可数名词，但作空间、地方讲时是不可数名词,则不能加不定冠词。
Incorrect: Please, tell her to leave space at the top of the
page.
Correct: Please, tell her to leave a space at the top of the page.
* space作空格、间隔讲时用定冠词，当作宇宙空间讲时，则不用冠词,如 The spaceship can fly into space.
Incorrect: She has gentle nature.
Correct: She has a gentle nature.
* nature作大自然、自然界讲时无冠词,如：You should know the laws of nature. 但指天性，本能时，有冠词。
Incorrect: Next summer holiday， I will go to seaside.
Correct: Next summer holiday, I will go to the seaside.
* 在country(指乡间时),sea, mountains, desert, seaside等词前要用定冠词。
Incorrect: He is the principal of our school.
Correct: He is principal of our school.
* 表示惟一的职称，人名前的官职、身份、职业，以及作专有名词的同位语时无冠词，如： President, Eisenhower.
Mr. Kennedy, president of the United States was murdered in 1963.
Incorrect: All of students are from Beijing.
Correct: All of the students are from Beijing.
* all of和both of 后面的定冠词不可省,但all students, both students是正确的用法。
Incorrect: He is a friendly kind of the teacher.
Correct: He is a friendly kind of teacher.
* a kind of, this kind of等词组后面无冠词，这样的词还有： sort, type, manner等。
Incorrect: The ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our party.
Correct: Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our party.
* 称呼语及家庭内的称呼不用冠词，如：
Bays, come here quickly.
Uncle gave me a present for my birthday.
Incorrect: A child as he was, he read a lot of books.
Correct: Child as he was, he read a lot of books.
* 作为强调而移到句首的名词前的冠词应略去。
As he was a child, he couldn't do it by himself.
(由于他是个孩子他不能自己去做这件事。)
Child as he was, he could do it by himself.
这是个让步状语从句应译为"虽然他是个孩子但他却可以独立做此事"。
Incorrect: The writer and singer were going to the town hall.
Correct: The writer and singer was going to the town hall.
* 用and连接的两个及两个以上的名词若是指不同的人或事物时，应分别加冠词，
如：The writer and the singer are coming to the town hall.即一个作家，一个歌唱家俩人一起走向市政厅。但若是指同一事物或人的不同地位、身份时，则只要在第一个名词前加冠词，例句的意思为作家兼歌唱家走向市政厅。
* 但若两个并列名词决不可能是一个人或同一物时，则后面的冠词可以省略，如：
A gentleman and lady are talking to our students.
Incorrect: It is a good book. May I have the look?
Correct: It is a good book, May I have a look?
* have a look是习惯用法，如：
have a resthave a dancehave a bathhave a shower
Incorrect: The picture looks better at the distance.
Correct: The picture looks better at a distance.
* at a distance是习惯用语离开些，而 in the distant 为在远方。这样的用法还有：
at a distance(不太近，在远处)
as a rule(照例)
all of a sudden(突然)
as a whole(从总体上看)
at the present time(目前)
be at a loss(困惑)
in a hurry(匆忙)
in the morning (afternoon)(在上午，下午)
in the light(在光亮处)
in the sun(在阳光下)
in the rain(在雨中)
in the distance(远处)
in the beginning(开始)
in the same way(同样)
in the shade(在阴处)
in the daytime(在白天)
in the country(在乡下)
in the end(最终)
in the open air(在屋外)
on the other hand(另一方面)
on the contrary(相反)
Incorrect: They walked along the street a hand in a hand.
Correct: They walked along the street hand in hand.
* 有些语法书中把这叫做零冠词用法，即这些短语中不加冠词。
bit by bit(逐渐)
back to back(背靠背)
day after (by) day(天天)
day and night(昼夜)
face to face(面对面)
from beginning to end(自始至终)
from place to place(到处)
from time to time(再三)
hand in hand(手拉手)
heart and soul(全心全意)
Incorrect: Look! The factory is on a fire.
Correct: Look! The factory is on fire.
* a fire 是一堆火，一场火灾。on fire 是起火，下列词组也均不加冠词。
at dawn(黎明)
on fire(起火)
at hand(在近处)
at home(在家中)
at most(至多)
at play(在游戏)
at desk(在工作、学习)
at sea(在航海中)
at table(在吃饭)
at war(交战中)
by chance (accident)(无意中)
by mistake(错误地)
in danger(在危险中)
in fact(事实上)
in hospital(住院)
in prison(坐牢)
in public(在公开场合)
in time(及时)
in trouble(在困境中)
on duty(值日)
on earth(究竟)
on time(准时)
on foot(步行)
with ease(容易地)
Incorrect: He was such lazy boy.
Correct: He was such a lazy boy.
Correct: He was so lazy a boy.
* 不定冠词应放于what,such, many之后，再加形容词、加名词，如：
What a lovely girl she is!
Incorrect: Whole the city is very clean.
Correct: The whole city is very clean.
* the应放于all, both之后，而whole之前，如：
All the students are playing games on the playground.
Incorrect: Do you know how a good time we had yesterday.
Correct: Do you know how good a time we had yesterday.
* how/too/so/as＋形容词+an/a+名词。
Incorrect: He is a quite gentleman.
Correct: He is quite a gentleman.
* 若无其他形容词，冠词应放在quite和rather之后。若有形容词It is a quite good book不能算错，但不如说It
is quite a good book更符合英国人的习惯。
Incorrect: I'll be back in half a hour.
Correct: I'll be back in half an hour.
* 关于一半有两种表达法：a half hour (美语)， half an hour(英语)。
其他惯用法如下：
a half-hour test (半小时测验则不能用half a)
a half moon (下/上弦月；不是真正的分割不能用half a)
two and a half days (and 之后不能用half a)
two hours and a half (其后无名词不能用half a)
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