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(二) 名词的格
英文中名词有三个格：即主格(名词作主语、同位语)，宾格(名词作宾语、补足语、同位语)及所有格(作定语，修饰其后面的名词)，如：
主格：
Mary is my classmate. (Mary 作主语)
My sister, Mary, is a student (Mary 作同位语)
宾格：
I know that old man. (man 作宾语)
Please, call me Tom (Tom 作补足语)
Do you know my teacher Mr. Brown (Mr. Brown 作同位语)
所有格：
Where is Mary's bicycle? (Mary's 作定语)
名词的主格与宾格一般来讲形式是相同的。而所有格的形式要特别加以注意。
表１－５名词所有格简表
| 用法 |
构成 |
举例 |
|
表示有生命的名词 |
单数名词 |
末尾加's |
the Emperor's new clothes |
|
以s结尾的复数名词 |
末尾加' |
the teacher's readingroo
m |
| 非以s结尾的复数名词 |
末尾加's |
the Children's Palace |
|
以s结尾的人名 |
末尾加's或加' |
Charles's addreesMrJones' car |
并列
名词 |
各自所有 |
A's and B's |
John's and Mary's pic
tures |
|
共同所有 |
A and B's |
John and Mary's father |
|
无生命的名词 |
of＋名词 |
the windows of the room |
|
表示双重所有 |
of＋名词's |
He is a friend of Tom's. |
|
其他 |
末尾加's |
时间 |
today's newspaper |
|
距离 |
one yard's distance |
|
国家、城市 |
China's agriculture |
|
工作群体 |
the ship's crew |
|
度量衡 |
ten dollar's value |
|
自然现象 |
the moon's rays |
|
表拟人意义 |
nature'spleasure |
|
惯用法 |
a stone's throw |
1 语法辨析
Incorrect: They are childrens' balls
Correct: They are children's balls.
* 字尾不是s的单数或复数名词的所有格的构成应是在其后加's如：
children's ball, a women's hospital, Tom's brother.
Incorrect: This is the United State's policy.
Correct: This is the United States' policy.
* 字尾是s的复数名词的所有格在s后面加'来构成。但以s结尾的单数名词的所有格则有两种形式,如：my boss' office或my
boss's office。
Incorrect: This is my brother's-in-law car.
Correct: This is my brother-in-law's car.
* 复合名词的所有格则要在最后一个词上加's,如： someone else's book, a year or two's absence.
但如果最后一个字母是s则只加'，如：go-betweens' arrangement. 中间人的安排。
Incorrect: Have you seen my brother's, Tom, dictionary.
Correct: Have you seen my brother, Tom's, dictionary.
* 名词之后如果有同位语时，这应将同位语变为所有格形式。
Incorrect: Here is Tom's and Mary's school.
Correct: Here is Tom and Mary's school. (这是Tom与Mary共同所在的学校。)
Correct: Here are Tom's and Mary's schools.(这是Tom的学校，与Mary的学校。)
* 如用and连接两个名词如只将最后一个名词变为所有格,则是两者共同所有;如两个名词都变为所有格,则是两者分别所有。
Incorrect: Here we are! There is the hill's top.
Correct: Here we are! There is the top of the hill.
* 无生命的物体的所有格要用of结构而不能用's结构。
Incorrect: Have you read the newspaper of today.
Correct: Have you read today's newspaper.
* 表示时间的所有格要用's ，如：today's newspaper, two hours' journey, five minutes'
walk。
Incorrect: We have a twentyminutes' break for lunch.
Correct: We have a twenty minutes' break for lunch.
Correct: We have a twenty－minute break for lunch.
Incorrect: Look, here's the smile of spring.
Correct: Look, here's spring's smile.
* 拟人化的名词的所有格用's。
如： Nature's works (大自然的杰作)
Heaven's will (天意)
Fortune's favorite (幸运的宠儿)
Correct: I want to know Rome's early history.
Correct: I want to know the early history of Rome.
* 地名、交通工具，以及与人活动有关的无生命的名词的所有格可以用"'s"也可以用"of"结构。
Incorrect: Give me twenty dollars worth of sweets.
Correct: Give me twenty dollars' worth of sweets.
* worth前的money或钱数都加"'s"或"'"。
Incorrect: This thing happened in my of mind.
Correct: This thing happened in my minds of eye.(这事情的发生在意料之中)
* 某些固定词组或习惯用法中的所有格不可随意推理。
at arm's length (保持一定距离)
at his finger's ends (对某事熟知)
within a stone's throw (离得很近)
out of harm's way (安全的地方)
Incorrect: I took the teacher's advice who was a foreign teacher.
Correct: I took the advice of my teacher who was a foreign teacher.
* 如果所有者其后有修饰词或定语从句，则只好用of结构。
* 尽量避免两个所有格并用。
如，不要讲：My father's father's father is my great-grandfather.
而要讲：The father of my father's father is my great-grandfather.
又如，不要讲：My teacher's father's book.
而要讲：The book of my teacher's father.
Incorrect: This book is my brother's book
Correct: This book is my brother's.
* 虽然从语法上严格地讲第一句不是错句，但它却不符合英语习惯，英语中为了避免重复，在不会引起误会的情况下要作些省略：
(1) 为了避免重复而省略。
如： This dictionary is Mary's.
Today's temperature is lower than yesterday's.
(2) 在不会引起误解的情况下，通常要作省略。
如： This is Tom's bag. Where is Mary's?
(3) 所有格之后的某些场所要省略。
如： I'll go to the dentist's (hospital).
She was at the hairdresser's. (她在美容院做头发)
(4) 在谈到主人与客人关系时所有格之后的house常常要省略。
如： I stayed at my Uncle's last night.
* 独立所有格：所有格起的作用是形容词，其后应接名词，但如其后无名词时称为独立所有格。
Incorrect: My son's any friend is welcome here.
Correct: Any friend of my son's is welcome here.
* 在英语中冠词、指示代词、不定代词以及several, much, many…修饰词都不可用于所有格之后，这时要用双重所有格，即用of+所有格组成：如：
a friend of my father's.
Incorrect: He and she are John's friends
Correct: He and she are friends of John's
* 在of之后所有格名词所代表的数量超过前面名词所代表的数量时，则要用双重所有格。
* John and Tom are classmates of John's.
要注意的是双重所有格中的所有格应是独立的，即其后不再接名词，如果接上名词则显得十分不自然，如：
One of my friends' house was burned down last night. (则显得不自然)而The house
of one of my friends was burned down last night.(则显得自然通顺)
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